Adaptive Leader–Follower Synchronization Over Heterogeneous and Uncertain Networks of Linear Systems Without Distributed Observer

A challenging task in network synchronization is steering the toward a coherent solution, when dynamics of constituent systems are heterogeneous and uncertain. In this situation, can be achieved via adaptive protocols (with feedback gains or coupling gains, both). However, as state-of-the-art methods adopt distributed observer architecture, they require to communicate extra variables among neighbors, addition neighbors' states (or outputs). The distinguishing feature article show that for uncertain networks some classes linear systems, possible without need any observer. Such line with those model reference control literature. Lyapunov analysis used derive new protocol simplest communication which both adapted other than (in full-state information case) outputs partial-state case).